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I had learned in business law that if you write a letter stating that something is the final payment, and the check subsequently cashed, the other party has in essence accepted the terms of the contract.
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What you speak of is called 'accord and satisfaction' and 'restrictive endorsement' and unless it is supported by state law, it won't work. There are only a few states where it IS upheld and I don't think MN is one of 'em.
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My mother recently passed away and we were told we needed to pay 75% of the debt ASAP
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Who told you that ?? Who is 'we' ?? Your father, if only an authorized user is NOT liable for any part of that debt. Since MN is NOT a community property state, he was not even liable for the 65% you sent them. Debts of the deceased are paid out of their estate. If there is no estate, the creditors get nothing. Ignore the collectors, send them your mother's death certificate and tell them to get lost. They got way more than they might have anyway.