Yes, quite possibly so. Medical records are vital to not only routine check ups but to check history on patients who may suffer from diseases. Medical history helps determine causes or origins of disease and behaviors that affect people's current medical conditions.
So....yes if you suffer damages as a result of this misfortune. There may even be statutes that give you set amounts of monetary compensation for the sheer fact the doctor lost your file.
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I am a law school graduate. What I offer is mere information, not to be construed as forming an attorney client relationship.