Were you aware that there was a problem with them receiving your social security card? And you say that you could've given them your birth certificate as a substitute any time. Why didn't you do this? Then you mention that they "tried to terminate me unfairly for an unrelated incident nearly two days prior"? Okay, first of all, there's no such thing as a fair or an unfair termination. There's both legal and illegal discrimination. And frankly, it's going to be hard to show that you were the victim of an illegal termination due to race, which sounds like the direction you are trying to go off in.
It is illegal to discriminate against someone in hiring and treatment on the job solely on the basis of their race. A pervasive pattern of discrimination toward others of the same race would help show such a case. Does it appear that all the people of your race who are working there are being mistreated specifically because of their race? If so, a complaint to the EEOC would bring about an investigation, and they might or might not, far down the road see a trend of discrimination and give you a right to sue letter.
But most places are prone to legally discriminate against someone who is uncooperative about bringing in their requested documents, and who is prone to ask lots of belligerent questions and does not "take whatever bull some white manager or person in power feeds them." That is not illegal discrimination. It is just them deciding that they are not obligated to continue to employ someone who is not cooperative or productive or who disrupts the workplace.
If you are suspended without pay for more than a three days, file immediately for unemployment benefits. They will be your only recourse in this situation, as it does not appear that illegal discrimination is taking place.
You may want to get some counseling while making a new job search. Being out of work is scary, and having panic attacks due to work stress is no fun, but you still must reach a balance between what you consider standing up for yourself and having to work for an employer who has the financial/ economic control over you and the right to fire you.