I said "extrapolated to the UK
in general."
While Scotland is part of the UK, the terms mentioned do not exist in England or Wales or Northern Ireland, so they do not extend to the UK
in general, only to Scotland. Sorry, I presumed that Scotland being part of the UK also spoke the Queen's English.
Permission to take your case from a smaller court to a higher court seems to be a norm all around the world. Isn't this statement correct?
Not universally true, and the details are completely different as they very much depend on what sort of case you are talking about and what court you are appealing from.