a license from another state is valid in Indiana.
when you get into probationary issues, actually Indiana's do not apply to you, at least in the same way they apply to an Indiana resident. Should you be charged with violating the law, it will not have the same affect on you as it would an Indiana resident.
You will be held to the limitations based on age which is most of the limitations a probationary license are based upon (restrictions are in place until 18 for the most part). I do not believe the limitation of being required to have your license at least 6 months to be able drive during certain hours (after 6 months the restriction is relaxed, a little bit) can be enforced since you are not licensed under Indiana's rules but I wouldn't push the issue. If I recall, there is a curfew law in Indiana which would likely be able to be invoked during the hours you would be restricted from driving anyway.
In Indiana, once you have had your license for 6 months, the passenger restriction is removed.
The rules applied to your license in Michigan are still applicable to you while driving in Indiana (but since it is quite possible the gendarmes of Indiana are not aware of the restrictions, it is unlikely you will be held to them, unless they do some investigation should you be stopped).
Will the length of my stay (hopefully 1 month) and the people I'm staying with affect any of this?
You need to be cautious with this. You staying in state for a month may trigger a change of residency which would require you to obtain an Indiana license. Why are you staying for a month?
to avoid as many problems as possible, I would suggest carrying proof you have had your license at least 6 months (if applicable). That period is the most restrictive. If you have had your license for at least 6 months, I suspect the cops would attempt to apply the rules that are applicable to an Indiana driver in the same position.