Q1) "can i take my ex fiance to court for a $5000 debt that I put in my name, because he had no credit?"
A1) Yes. Anyone can sue anyone for almost any reason. The key though is 'will you win??'. And that can only be answered by your PROOF that he received the money AND that it was a loan and not a gift. Obviously, the case is much stronger if this includes a WRITTEN agreement of repayment. Without that agreement, it would be much harder to PROVE that this was in fact a loan.
Q2) "also, is that amount too small to file chapter 7 or 13?"
A2) Consideration of a bankruptcy filing is NOT based solely on a single debt, but after a total evaluation of your entire debt position and assets. Further, it affects credit for 10 years.