And now you are no longer employed there. As you said it was a part time sales job, I doubt you'll have monetary eligibility for unemployment, but it won't hurt for you to file a claim. In this, it would be greatly to your advantage that the company said you were terminated. If they do this, the burden of proof is on them to show that you were terminated (let's call it fired, so we are clear about terms) for a valid work related misconduct reason. They have to show that either it was gross misconduct, something so bad you should've known it was wrong to do it even once, or else that you had progressive discipline and warnings that you needed to change your behavior and that you deliberately chose not to do so and thus were terminated (fired) for good cause.
If you resign, quit, leave voluntarily, without being asked to, it means that you do not qualify for unemployment benefits unless you can show that you had a really excellent work related reason to quit the job, that you had tried to resolve the situation with the company and that you had exhausted all other reasonable alternatives before quitting. And what you describe isn't even close to being a valid work related reason to quit your job, except possibly the other employee attacking you in the break room. That might have worked, if you had walked off that day, instead of giving two weeks notice.
But as far as it being a bad thing to be terminated, as opposed to having quit, that's not usually the case. Every future employer knows, really, that you have the option to quit to avoid being fired, or because you are being fired. And if you dislike what they might say about it, you can always explain that you gave your employer a two weeks notice, which you did, and they told you to leave before the two weeks had passed. It would not be a good idea, in applying for future jobs, to go into any of the work related problems that went on in this position, just brush through it quickly and move on.