As for your question, I believe you did not cheat, because if you had they would have most likely thrown you out for good. The fact that you were put under probation, and not expelled, indicates this. But they could put you on Probation for the mere suspicion of cheating (read the Harvard cheating scandal).
You have done what every college student has done either directly or indirectly - use old test questions. It is ironic that many text books use old test questions anyway - but schools do not like when you purchase things from sites known for "cheating" even if they were not the same questions.
I am curious on how they targeted you. It sounds as if there were other cheating allegations going around.
At any rate to your question the answer is no. Academic Probation is given for a variety of reasons. The school is free to set guidelines and expectations for students. They did give you a hearing, and even if you disagreed with the outcome, that is all they were required to do.
Although they caused you emotional distress, it was
not intentional (IIED). They are not liable for how you felt retaking the exam.