Harassment occurs when the discriminatory behavior is the manner in which an employee is treated or spoken to, rather than the terms and conditions of employment. As defined above, to be unlawful, harassment must be severe or pervasive. Unlawful harassment based on race often occurs in the form of racial epithets and the telling of jokes that are dis- respectful to a racial or ethnic group. As explained above, unless it is severe, a single instance of joke-telling or a single use of an epithet probably is insufficient to make the harassment meet the criteria for being unlawful. There must be a pattern, persistence, or severity to make the harassing behavior unlawful, but harassment need not rise to a standard of unlawfulness to be unacceptable, in the workplace.
Sexual harassment, simply defined, is when the harassment is sexual, such as sexual jokes, innuendos, requests for dates, and so forth. The harassment can be verbal, physical, or even visual. Some examples of sexual harassment include pressure for sexual favors, touching, cornering, suggestive letters or calls, pressure for dates, suggestive looks, sexual teasing, jokes, remarks, and gestures.
The two elements that must be present for behavior to constitute sexual harassment are
the behavior must be unwelcome, and
the behavior must be of a sexual nature.
The law defines sexual harassment in very specific terms. As stated above, legal liability for sexual harassment is limited to specific situations; however, an employer must necessarily use a broader definition in policies and procedures in order to prevent offensive behavior.
Legal Definition of Sexual Harassment
In the 1980s the EEOC issued guidelines defining sexual harassment. The guidelines are found at 29 Code of Federal Regulations Section 1604.11. In 1986 the United States Supreme Court approved this defini- tion in Meritor Savings Bank -v- Vinson. Since then, this definition has been quoted frequently as the legal definition of sexual harassment. It appears in countless court decisions and often is quoted in employer The definition is "unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature constitute sexual harassment when
submission to such conduct is made either explicitly or implicitly a term or condition of an individual's employment,
submission to or rejection of such conduct by an individual is used as the basis for employment decisions affecting such individual, or
such conduct has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual's work performance or creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment.
The first two prongs of this three-pronged definition refer to quid pro quo harassment. The third prong refers to the "hostile work environment" type of harassment. Of course, some claims of sexual harassment will include allegations of both quid pro quo harassment and hostile work environment harassment.
Gender-Based Harassment Gender-based harassment (also called "sex-based harassment") is due to the employee's gender but is not overtly sexual. Examples may include behavior like excluding women from meetings, making statements that demean women, teasing women about not being as strong as men, or putting frogs in a woman's locker. This sort of harassment often happens when people of one gender work in an environment predominately composed of people of the other gender -- such as a woman working on a con- struction crew or a male nurse.
Same-Sex Sexual Harassment
Harassment is conduct; the gender of the parties involved is irrelevant. Most workplace harassment is male to female. According to EEOC statistics, in 1992, males filed 9.1% of the sexual harassment charges that were filed with the EEOC and state and local Fair Employment Practices agencies around the country. This figure has increased slightly every year. In 2001 the percentage of charges filed by men was 13.7%. The percentage reflects both societal norms (men usually are expected to be the aggressor in intimate relations) and workplace norms (men usually have more organizational power than women). As these norms change, the way sexual harassment is played out at work probably will also change.
Harassment also occurs from females to males, males to males, and females to females. All these forms of harassment are prohibited and the same standards should be applied to allegations of same-sex sexual harassment as to harassment between a male and a female. Same-sex harassment does not depend on the sexual orientation of any party. For example, a heterosexual male could be harassed by another heterosexual male and it could still constitute sexual harassment.
In Oncale -v- Sundowner Offsbore Servs., Inc., the Supreme Court determined that same-sex sexual harassment violates antidiscrimination laws when it is motivated by the individual's gender. It is difficult to predict when same-sex sexual harassment will be considered based on gender as opposed to some other reason. Therefore, the investigator should not be concerned with what a court of law will do but rather should focus on whether the behavior violates work rules prohibiting harassment. Also, remember that while most sexual harassment is male to female, a female can harass a male.
Impact versus Intent In harassment situations the harassment is evaluated based on the recipient's response rather than the perpetrator's intentions. If a reasonable person would find the conduct offensive, the fact that the perpetrator would not does not absolve that individual of responsibility. An employer can be held liable for harassrment (and actions can violate an employer's rules) even if the person engaging in the behavior meant no harm. This is why some experts in the field say the issue is the impact rather than the intent.
of course, not all actions that are considered harassment are equally serious. A boorish individual who is trying to amuse but instead offends generally will not be disciplined as severely as someone who intentionally tries to hurt someone. Intent is a relevant factor that the investigate want to understand, to the extent possible, so that the actions can be placed in the proper context. But the absence of any bad intent does not absolve employees of responsibility for violating employer rules against harassment. This concept clearly applies in third-party harassment situations, which are discussed next.
Third-party Harassment
Third-party harassment occurs when two individuals engage in consensual talk or conduct that affects a third party who does not welcome the behavior. This kind of harassment generally comes up in the context of sexual harassment when two or more co-workers enjoy engaging in sexual joking or conversation and do so with others present. While this sort of behavior seldom is severe and may not involve a specific target for the harassment, it can contribute to an environment of harassment because one or more of the noninvolved co-workers may become offended. Also, the conduct clearly is unprofessional. Even though the conduct is welcome between the participants, it should be stopped.
Retaliation
When a person reports or participates in someone else's report of harassment, he or she is protected from any form of retaliation. In order to violate the law, the retaliation must meet a certain legal threshold. But it is difficult to predict what a court will do. It is good HR practice to make sure all employees know retaliation is prohibited and to promptly respond to any complaint of retaliation. Many sexual harassment lawsuits come about because of the complainant's perception that the employer retaliated against him or her after he or she brought forward the complaint. The retaliation may take the form of being mistreated (such as shunned by co-workers) or it may be a demotion or termination. Remember, there need not be a determination that unlawful harassment has occurred for the anti-retaliation provisions to apply.