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Community property or Separate property ?

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tranquility

Senior Member
(note: she got the car title AFTER we were married. The title was hold by the bank while she was making the payments. The car was not owned by her prior to marriage)

I think your reading of title is incorrect. But, if true, Marriage of Lucas applies. Either way you are SOL.

Your financial calculation is obviously in error. First, per Lucas, allowing her to title property that way gives the presumption of a gift. You can rebut that, but you will have to be convincing enough to *overcome* the presumption. This will not happen in a you say-she says situation. Second, you have a three year loan obtained two years before the marriage. The car is now worth $8,000. You feel the community should be paid 75% of the current value? The estimates you used in the calculation are not correct. Please stick to the same facts in during the whole discussion.

your answer implies that there is no commingling because no other deposit beside her wages were made in her account, and therefore there is no commingling. You imply that her wages are separate earnings and not community earnings. It also implies that IF other deposits beside her wages were made in her account, the situation would be different. If the deposits in her account would come from "passive" gains (interests earned from the principal for example), there would be no commingling. Here the deposits are "active" gains (community earnings even if it looks like "her" wages). Her account becomes a community account and this is a commingling situation.

I wrote precisely and you read generally to come to improper conclusions. Re-read my posts. Wages are community property. That is why the community could be entitled to reimbursement at all. However, when wages are placed in a segregated account and payments are made from that account to separate property debts, equity is not purchased by the community. If other community monies are placed in the account, the principle of comingling comes into play. This does not mean all property that is touched by the account becomes community, it just means there is a presumption. Here, the presumption could easily be rebutted by providing a loan amortization and proof of title. Besides, you still would rather have reimbursement rather that part of the equity. The value of the car went down. You would rather have community reimbursement for the principal paid over a proportional value that had been purchased by the community.

As fairisfair writes, the 401K issue is very fact specific. The calculations are difficult and the goal is fairness. The main point will be to consider the amounts paid in before and the amounts earned on that amount (over time) and the amounts paid in (and amount earned on that portion) after marriage. You gave nothing about the stocks to base an answer on.
 
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LdiJ

Senior Member
Paul_Martell101 said:
ok. Make sense.

Car was valued new at 15,000. 'Community payments" were 3,000. Payments prior to marriage were 12,000. Car is currently valued 8,000. Am I entitled to 3,000/2 = 1,500 ? and is she entitled to 8,000 - 1,500 = 6,500? or is she entitled to the whole 8,000 when considering asset division ? Again, those amounts are measly, but it is to understand the principles.

thank you all for your time. Paul.
In that analogy the community payments were 20% of the total payments. Therefore it could be argued that 20% of the residual value of the car 8000.00 X 20% = 1600 could be community property with half of that value, or 800.00 being your share.

Which demonstrates why its foolish to even care about the car.
 

Paul_Martell101

Junior Member
To Tranquility:

thank you. It is clear now. I did not post anything about the 401k because it involves complicated calculations. I did not want to enter this area. But the 401K issue is less problematic (for me anyway) when it comes to the issue of who is entitled to what, and I totally agree with what you wrote.

To LdiJ: Yes, the car issue is foolish. I needed to have some numbers.

To all:
about the stocks: options were granted before marriage. Vested before marriage. No stock acquired (sold) before marriage. All stocks acquired (sold) during marriage. All stocks proceeds (my guess=140K more or less) deposited into her individual stock account during marriage. Exact amount not disclosed by her. Stock account solely used for her stock transactions. Portion of the proceeds (40K) transfered to joint account to pay for down payment on house (house acquired in 2005 during marriage, no house acquired before marriage). Portion of the proceeds (my guess 100K more or less) left in her account (140K-40K= 100K). Taxes filled jointly. "X" amount of taxes paid using joint account,"Y" amount of taxes paid using balance in her stock account. Could be traced.
What is community property? what is separate property?
My assumption is that since all the proceeds were earned during marriage, they are all community property, no matter where they were deposited (her stock account or transfered to a joint account)
Thank you. Paul
 

LdiJ

Senior Member
Paul_Martell101 said:
To Tranquility:

thank you. It is clear now. I did not post anything about the 401k because it involves complicated calculations. I did not want to enter this area. But the 401K issue is less problematic (for me anyway) when it comes to the issue of who is entitled to what, and I totally agree with what you wrote.

To LdiJ: Yes, the car issue is foolish. I needed to have some numbers.

To all:
about the stocks: options were granted before marriage. Vested before marriage. No stock acquired (sold) before marriage. All stocks acquired (sold) during marriage. All stocks proceeds (my guess=140K more or less) deposited into her individual stock account during marriage. Exact amount not disclosed by her. Stock account solely used for her stock transactions. Portion of the proceeds (40K) transfered to joint account to pay for down payment on house (house acquired in 2005 during marriage, no house acquired before marriage). Portion of the proceeds (my guess 100K more or less) left in her account (140K-40K= 100K). Taxes filled jointly. "X" amount of taxes paid using joint account,"Y" amount of taxes paid using balance in her stock account. Could be traced.
What is community property? what is separate property?
My assumption is that since all the proceeds were earned during marriage, they are all community property, no matter where they were deposited (her stock account or transfered to a joint account)
Thank you. Paul
If the stock options were granted prior to the marriage, then they are her separate property and any proceeds remain her separate property. They were "earned" in the year that the options were granted, not during the marriage. The 40k was comingled into a marital asset but the rest was not.
 

fairisfair

Senior Member
and I disagree, if the options were granted before marriage, then only the increase in value of those options at sale could possibly be considered a marital asset, and I am not even sure about that. stand by, one of the others will be along

Oh, now see there, Ldij and I are writing the same book!!
 

Paul_Martell101

Junior Member
Sorry, maybe I was not clear enough:

She was granted and vested in all the stocks prior to marriage. (Employee Stock Option - ESO) ESOs carry the right, but not the obligation, to buy a certain amount of shares in the company at a predetermined price. She did not excercise her stock option prior to marriage. She did exercise her stock option and bought from the company after we were married using her earnings (BUT which are community earnings). She sold the stocks during marriage (waiting for the appropriate amount of time to get taxes advantage). Gain from the stocks were the proceeds that she deposited into her stock account.

Read on divorcesource.com. It looks like it does bear some similarities with my situation ?(http://www.divorcesource.com/research/edj/employee/96oct109.shtml)

"How Do Courts Classify Stock Acquired During Marriage Through Options Granted Before Marriage? Stock acquired during the marriage through options granted to a spouse before marriage is classified as marital property in the absence of evidence that separate funds were used to purchase the stock. In re Marriage of Renier, 854 P.2d 1382 (Colo. Ct. App. 1993). The fact that the options were the employee spouse's separate property does not mean that the stock acquired by exercising the options is likewise separate, if marital funds were used to exercise the options. Id."

Do you agree?
 

tranquility

Senior Member
You live in California. The only use of out-of-state cases is as persuasive arguments when there is no California law on point. The case that describes the situation best is In re Marriage of Hug, 154 Cal. App. 3d 780 and its prodginy.

When options are granted during the marriage, the key is the intent of the employer. Was the option granted to compensate for prior service or to entice the employee to stay with the company?

Read that again. *When options are granted*. Not when they are exercised, but when they are granted. Of course, if community funds were used to exercise the options, the community would have a right of reimbursement for the funds used. But, there would be no right of ownership to the stock.

The question usually comes up with the immediate sale of the stock. I'm not absolutely positive about the appreciation of the stock after purchase. Would the community gain some proportional right to the stock appreciation from the time of excercise of option to the time of decision (sale or divorce) from the community funds used to purchase the stock? I would think not, as the community has not purchased any ownership rights to the stock. However, I don't have a cite and it seems like there may be some measure of fairness to some community compensation for the appreciation if the community funds were not paid back until dissolution.

Edit for comingling:
I agree with LdiJ the placment of the 40K in the joint account amounts to a comingling, but what result? Comingling by itself does not change the character of the property. It does give rise to the pro-community presumption. However, from your descriptions so far, I bet the presumption can be overcome.
 
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LdiJ

Senior Member
The question usually comes up with the immediate sale of the stock. I'm not absolutely positive about the appreciation of the stock after purchase. Would the community gain some proportional right to the stock appreciation from the time of excercise of option to the time of decision (sale or divorce) from the community funds used to purchase the stock? I would think not, as the community has not purchased any ownership rights to the stock. However, I don't have a cite and it seems like there may be some measure of fairness to some community compensation for the appreciation if the community funds were not paid back until dissolution.
The nature of stock options is such that the stock is bought and sold almost simultaneously. The person with the options waits until the selling price is right, buys the stock for the price granted in the option, then turns around and immediately sells at market price. There is no reason for them to hold the stock for any period of time.



tranquility said:
I agree with LdiJ the placment of the 40K in the joint account amounts to a comingling, but what result? Comingling by itself does not change the character of the property. It does give rise to the pro-community presumption. However, from your descriptions so far, I bet the presumption can be overcome.
Gotta disagree with you on this. The 40k was not only placed in a joint account, but used to purchase the marital home. It is truly co-mingled into marital property.
 
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Paul_Martell101

Junior Member
The stocks are incentive stocks, not for past performance.
She paid the stocks by using (ONLY) marital funds.

to Tranquility: you wrote: "Of course, if community funds were used to exercise the options, the community would have a right of reimbursement for the funds used. But, there would be no right of ownership to the stock."
I do not understand, and probably I am not alone, how can any entity pay entirely for something and not own it :confused:

Maybe I wrongly used the word "granted". She was not given the stocks prior to marriage. She was authorized by the company to buy a certain amount of stocks at a preferential price offered only to employees. She could buy a fraction of this total amount of stocks every so often (vested), and resell them as she pleased when the time was right for her, but no obligation to buy or resell anything.

I
 

Paul_Martell101

Junior Member
The point here is: who has the right to dispose of the stocks proceeds or gain (100K) left in the stock account?The community? she ? Are the 100K entirely hers without any saying from the community?
I miss the point between the value of the proceeds (100K) and the ownership ??:confused:
Would those proceeds accounted in the asset division?
 

fairisfair

Senior Member
what monies did YOU put towards buying the stock???

Kind of like to be a part of a community, you have to belong to the community.
 

tranquility

Senior Member
The stocks are incentive stocks, not for past performance.
She paid the stocks by using (ONLY) marital funds.


She received the options before marriage. Only if she earned the options during marriage would the intent of the employer matter. The stock options are hers. The stocks purchased with marital funds and the options are hers. The community is entitled to reimbursement for the marital funds used to exercise the options.

I do not understand, and probably I am not alone, how can any entity pay entirely for something and not own it

How can alcohol be legal and marijuana be not? Because it's the rule. Speak to your state representative if you would like the rule changed. Tell them how the courts screwed up because you don't understand. Or, read the case cite I provided (At least three times, it is a very hard-to-understand case.) to see how the court derived the rule and then applied the facts to the rule.

---
I agree with you LdiJ regarding the usual course of options. However, a person does not have to sell the stock immediately. Maybe it was exercised just before the option expired and the person felt the stock would appreciate further.

However, I'm not sure of your disagreement unless title was held as community property with right of survivorship. The facts have been presented by the OP in a way any presumptions could be overcome. I don't know the wealth of these people, but I bet we could show the normal balance in the joint account is far less than what was required to make a down payment on the house. From seperate funds, a large amount (the 40K) was dropped into the account and, I bet, a check for the down payment was issued soon thereafter. Tracing would be very easy. (See CA probate code 5305)

If community and separate property are used to purchase an asset during marriage, each estate is given a pro rata share. (If the contributions were at or before the purchase. The property is titled as tenancy in common.) Ortega v. Ortega, 118 Cal. App. 2d 589.

Transmutation could have occurred if the house was taken with the community property with right of suvivorship titling.

So, what is the claim? The funds she put up were community? The funds she put up are so mixed that we are unable to trace? The funds she put up have been transmuted?

Fact edit:
Don't get excited OP. Ortega is not the rule for options, Hug is.
 
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Paul_Martell101

Junior Member
the normal balance in the joint account is far less than what was required to make a down payment on the house. From seperate funds, a large amount (the 40K) was dropped into the account and, I bet, a check for the down payment was issued soon thereafter. --> you are right on both statements

The property is titled as "community property with right of survivorship" and not "tenancy in common"
 

tranquility

Senior Member
The property is titled as "community property with right of survivorship" and not "tenancy in common"

Without a search (maybe not even then), I don't know what the result would be. But, I'd argue transmutation through a writing. No pro rata purchase for her, no reimbursement. She gifted the amount.
 
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