I'll be glad to answer some of your questions:
1. Are child support laws fair? No. You can check many, many posts here to see everyone's opinion on those. It's not fair that in order to make someone pay (when you can do even that), you have to pay out the nose for an attorney to fight it, simply because the other parent doesn't feel like it. On the other hand, some are forced to pay amounts they can't afford, and everyone tells them tough luck. I also don't agree on flat percentages being paid to support a child. Not exactly 19% of my income goes to my child (more acutally) but that is all her father is required to pay.
2. Does the custodial parent receive enought cs to raise a child? In some cases yes, in other no where near enough. Just in my situation - My ex has to pay $60.80 per week for our daughter. That's it. Daycare here costs $75 at least per week. My house payment each month divided by 4 weeks is $85.60, plus power, food, clothes, and everything else you have to pay. Does this seem fair? I also have to pay for all her medical costs, and hope he will reimburse me for the 50% he is ordered to pay for that. He owes me $1000.00 right now and I'm still waiting for it - have been for 3 years now. His child support wouldn't even cover a week of day care, much less half of everything else she gets - and that's just what she has to have, not including toys, and the extra luxuries every parent gives their children.
3. Does the noncustodial parent have enough money after paying child support to live on? In some cases yes, in others it's no. Again, when some are not working (just in order to get a low child support payment), and then they go out and get a better paying job - they make plenty to live on. It's the CP that suffers the hardship. Like me, I don't have the money to hire an attorney, and if I did I could sue my ex for it, but he will never pay it so I'm stiffed agian. And the courts will do nothing, because if they throw him in jail, then he's not helping anyone - that's how they view it. Well, reality check - he's not helping any one now! He has three ex wives - I'm #2 - and he is behind in all of support payments, medical fees, and everything else he was ordered to pay and hasn't. I feel if they had stiffer penalties for these sort of actions, we wouldn't have so many problems. It goes all the way around, some NCP's manipulate the system, and some CP's do the exact same thing and it makes me sick. I hope this helps you, like I said, you can find plenty of opinions on this subject in here.