TERMINOLOGY IN THE FOLLOWING SECTIONS INCLUDES RESIDENTIAL PARENT, DESIGNATING THAT PERSON WITH WHOM THE CHILD SPENDS THE GREATER PROPORTION OF TIME AND NON-RESIDENTIAL PARENT, DESIGNATING THAT PERSON WITH WHOM THE CHILD_SPENDS A LESSER AMOUNT OF TIME.
1.15 Tender Years. The Tenth Judicial District Court conforms to the now longstanding precedent of the Montana Supreme Court abolishing the �tender years doctrine.� In Re the Marriage of Markegard (1980), 189 Mont. 374, 377, 616 P.2d 323, . Prior to this holding, mothers were entitled to a presumption that they should have custody of a child of tender years. As noted by the court, �this presumption is outdated in light of the enactment of the Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act in this state.� This Court will not presume either parent is entitled to be the residential parent of a child simply based on the sex of the parent.
1.16 Children Under Age Five. Infants (children under eighteen months of age) have a great need for continuous contact with the residential parent who provides a sense of security, nurturing and predictability. Generally, overnight visits for infants are not recommended unless the secondary caretaker is very closely attached to the child and is able to provide primary care. Older preschool-age children (eighteen months to five years) are able to tolerate some separations from the residential parent. The following guidelines for children under age five are designed to take into account the child�s developmental milestones as a basis for parenting. Since children mature at different rates, these may need to be adjusted to fit the child�s unique circumstances. These guidelines may not apply to those instances where the parents are truly sharing equally all the caretaking responsibilities for the child and the child is equally attached to both parents. In the majority of situations, the following guidelines should generally apply:
A. Infants Birth to Six Months. Bonding is important at this age. Children need to have affectionate bonds with both parents. Overnight parenting by the non-residential parent is not usually granted. The infant�s eating and sleeping routine should not be interrupted. Alternate parenting plans: (1) Three two-hour visits per week, with one weekend day for six hours; or (2) three two-hour visits per week, with one overnight on a weekend for no longer than a twelve hour period, if the child is not breast feeding and the non-residential parent is capable of providing primary care.
B. Infants Six to Eighteen Months. Predictability and routine are important at this age. Overnight visits may be considered such as when an infant is going with older brothers or sisters the infant knows and trusts. Alternate parenting plans: (1) Three, three-hour visits per week with one weekend day for six hours; or (2) same as (1), but with one overnight not to exceed twelve hours, if the child is not breast feeding and the non-residential parent is capable of providing primary care; or (3) child spends time in alternate homes, but spends significantly more time at one of them and no more than two twelve-hour overnights per week at the other. This arrangement should be considered only for mature, adaptable children and very cooperative parents.
C. Toddlers Eighteen to Thirty-Six Months. Children start to learn that things and people continue to exist even when the child can�t see them. A common fear is that the residential parent will disappear and they may cry when a parent leaves them. Longer periods with the non-residential parent are generally appropriate. Overnight visits (2-4 days) away from the child�s home are permissible, however, the child needs to take favorite things with him/her (blanket or stuffed animal or pacifier, etc.). At this age children do not understand time, or days of the week, or that they will see mother or father �tomorrow� or in �two days� or on �Sunday.� When away from the residential parent, they may feel anger and a powerful sense of loss and often do not understand why mother or father isn�t there. Alternate parenting plans: (1) the non-residential parent has the child up to three times per week for several hours on each visit, on a predictable schedule: or (2) same as (1) but with one overnight per week; or (3) child spends time in alternate homes, but with more time in one than the other with two or three overnights spaced regularly throughout the week. This requires an adaptable child and cooperative parents.
D. Preschoolers (Three to Five Years Old). The most important thing is predictability. Children can usually tolerate more extensive time away from the residential parent and they should see the other parent at least once each week. Children still have a strong need to take familiar things with them. Alternate parenting plans: (1) one weekend parenting period (i.e. Friday evening to Sunday evening) on alternate weekends and one midweek visit or overnight; or (2) two or three nights at one home, spaced throughout the week, the remaining time at the other home. In addition, for preschoolers, a vacation period for a number of weeks with the non-residential parent is appropriate.